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Introdução:Durante o tratamento endodôntico, devido às complexidades anatômicas dos canais radiculares, a ação mecânica dos instrumentos não é suficiente para a completa desinfecção dos condutos. Dessa forma, se faz necessário o uso de soluções irrigadoras que possampotencializar a desinfecção do sistema de canais radiculares. Objetivo:Realizar uma revisão integrativa da literatura para comparar as propriedades antimicrobianas da clorexidina com o hipoclorito de sódio.Metodologia:A busca na literatura foi realizada no período de setembro de 2019 a agosto de 2021, nas seguintes bases de dados: PUBMED/MEDLINE, LILACS e SCIELO. Utilizando os descritores: clorexidina, hipoclorito de sódio, irrigante do canal radicular e limpeza. Utilizou-se como critérios de busca, trabalhos experimentais laboratoriais in vitro, publicados entre os anos de 2017 e 2021.Resultados:Foram encontrados 165 artigos, dos quais 15 foram selecionados ao final do processo. 8 trabalhos não encontraram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a clorexidina e o hipoclorito,5 artigos apresentaram resultados superiores dohipoclorito de sódioem 2 a clorexidina foi superior. Conclusões:Após análise da literatura, observamos semelhança entre a ação antimicrobiana do hipoclorito de sódioe da clorexidina, e podemos concluir que ambas apresentam boa ação antimicrobiana, justificando seu uso clinicamente (AU).
Introduction:During endodontic treatment, due to the anatomical complexities of the root canals, the mechanical action of the instruments is not sufficient for the complete disinfection of the canals. Thus, it is necessary to use irrigating solutions that can makethe disinfection of the root canal system.Objective:Conduct an integrative literature review to compare the antimicrobial properties of chlorhexidine with sodium hypochlorite.Methodology:The literature search was carried out from September 2019 to August 2021, in the following databases: PUBMED/MEDLINE, LILACS and SCIELO. Using the descriptors: chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite, root canal irrigant and cleaning. As search criteria, in vitro laboratory experimental works published between 2017 and 2021 were used.Results:A total of 165 articles were found, of which 15 were selected at the end of the process. 8 studies did not find a statistically significant difference between chlorhexidine and hypochlorite, 5 articles showed superior results for NaOCl and in 2 chlorhexidine was superior.Conclusions:After analyzing the literature, we observed a similarity between the antimicrobial action of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine, and we can conclude that both have good antimicrobial action, justifying their clinical use (AU).
Introducción:Durante el tratamiento endodóntico, debido a las complexidades anatómicas de los conductos radiculares, la acción mecánica de los instrumentos no es suficiente para la desinfección completa de los conductos. Por lo tanto, es necesario utilizar soluciones de irrigación que puedan mejorar la desinfección del sistema de conductos radiculares.Objetivo: Realice una revisión integradora de la literatura para comparar las propiedades antimicrobianas de la clorhexidina con el hipoclorito de sodio.Metodología: La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó desde septiembre de 2019 hasta agosto de 2021, en las siguientes bases de datos: PUBMED/MEDLINE, LILACS y SCIELO. Usando los descriptores: chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite, root canal irrigant and cleaning. Como criterio de búsqueda se utilizaron trabajos experimentales de laboratorio in vitro publicados entre 2017 y 2021.Resultados: Se encontraron un total de 165 artículos, de los cuales 15 fueron seleccionados al final del proceso. 8 estudios no encontraron diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre clorhexidinae hipoclorito, 5 artículos mostraron resultados superiores para NaOCl y en 2 la clorhexidina fue superior.Conclusiones: Después de analizar la literatura, observamos una similitud entre la acción antimicrobiana del hipoclorito de sodio y la clorhexidina,y podemos concluir que ambos tienen una buena acción antimicrobiana, lo que justifica su uso clínico (AU).
Assuntos
Irrigantes do Canal Radicular/farmacologia , Hipoclorito de Sódio/farmacologia , Clorexidina/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos Locais/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense (Mabs) causes chronic infections, which has led to the need for new antimycobacterial agents. In this study, we investigated the antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethyl acetate fraction of Bixa orellana leaves (BoEA) and ellagic acid (ElAc). In silico analysis predicted that ElAc had low toxicity, was not mutagenic or carcinogenic, and had antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Apparently, ElAc can interact with COX2 and Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzymes, which could explain both activities. In vitro analysis showed that BoEA and ElAc exerted antimicrobial activity against Mabs (minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.56, 1.56 mg/mL and bactericidal concentration of 6.25, 3.12 mg/mL, respectively. Clarithromycin showed MIC and MBC of 1 and 6 µg/mL). Treatment with BoEA or ElAc increased survival of Tenebrio molitor larvae after lethal infection with Mabs and reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice, around 40% of edema volume after the fourth hour, similarly to diclofenac. In conclusion, BoEA and ElAc exert antimicrobial effects against Mabs and have anti-inflammatory effects, making them potential sources of antimycobacterial drugs. The biological activities of ElAc may be due to its high binding affinities predicted for COX2 and DHFR enzymes.
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BACKGROUND AND AIM: From a biomedical point of view, the value of marsupials as a model of primitive mammals is indisputable. Among its species, the possum is a model that allows the study of the ontogeny of different organic systems, as well as their physiological aspects. The relevance of anatomical, functional, evolutionary, and phylogenetic study of marsupials for the development of comparative morphology is extensively documented in the literature. However, there are still many aspects to be further evaluated, as the anatomy and histology of the respiratory tract of this species. The aim of this study was to describe the morphology of the larynx, trachea, and lungs of Didelphis marsupialis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five adult male animals were donated to the Comparative Animal Anatomy Laboratory - LAAC/CCAA-UFMA, for morphological studies. Specimens were washed in running water to perform biometrics. Then, they were fixed with 10% formaldehyde solution. After the fixation period, the specimens were positioned in dorsal decubitus position, for dissection of the respiratory system organs, by opening the ventral region of the neck and thoracic cavity, with subsequent removal of the pectoral muscles, ribs, and sternum. For histological analysis, fragments of 1 cm2 of the larynx (epiglottis and thyroid cartilages), trachea, and lungs were collected and fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution. Right after fixation, the fragments were dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethyl alcohol (70, 80, 95, and 100%), diaphanized in xylene, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned into thin slices of 5 µm using a microtome. Sections were stained using the hematoxylin and eosin technique. RESULTS: Anatomically, the larynx starts right after the pharynx. It consisted of four cartilages: Epiglottis, cricoid, thyroid, and arytenoid. The trachea was made of dorsally incomplete cartilaginous rings. At the entrance of the thoracic cavity, it bifurcated into the left and right main bronchus. The left lung was smaller than the right lung, with two lobes (cranial and caudal). The right lung presents the cranial, middle, caudal, and accessory lobes. Histologically, the epiglottis consisted of elastic cartilage and is covered by a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Thyroid cartilage is made of hyaline cartilage covered by smooth muscle. The trachea presents hyaline cartilage, with ciliated pseudo-stratified epithelium, serous glands, isogenic groups of chondrocytes, and perichondrium. The lung consisted of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, also presenting blood vessels and arteries. CONCLUSION: Morphologically, the larynx, trachea, and lungs of D. marsupialis were similar to those of the other Didelphids described in the literature.
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SUMMARY Bixa orellana L. is a native plant from Brazil, but it is also present in other tropical countries such as Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Indonesia, India and East Africa. It is popularly known as Urucum in Brazil. This review shows the potential of bioactive compounds derived from B. orellana to treat infectious diseases due their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This plant is also related as an antiinflammatory agent for treatment of pulmonary diseases, or even as eye drops for redness. Its leaves are used for treatment of snakebite, diarrhea, gonorrhea, hepatitis, gastritis, diuretic, antipyretic, and for skin disease. This popular knowledge has encouraged the identification of bioactive compounds in this plant. Compounds as β-cryptoxanthin, geranylgeraniol, lutein, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B3, ellagi tannin isomer and ellagic acid deoxyhexose have been described. These compounds inhibited pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoan and viruses. In addition, some compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were also described. In this sense, B. orellana is a promising source of compounds that could be applied in antimicrobial therapy. This review work may help in the understanding and incentive of new research for antimicrobial discoveries using different B. orellana compounds.
RESUMEN Bixa orellana L. es una planta nativa de Brasil, pero también está presente en otros países tropicales como Perú, Colombia, Ecuador, México, Indonesia, India y África Oriental. Es conocida popularmente como Urucum en Brasil. Esta revisión expone el potencial de los compuestos bioactivos derivados de B. orellana para tratar enfermedades debido a sus propiedades antimicrobianas y antioxidantes. Esta planta también está relacionada como un agente antiinflamatorio para el tratamiento de enfermedades pulmonares e incluso como gotas para los ojos para el enrojecimiento. Sus hojas se utilizan para el tratamiento de la mordedura de serpiente, diarrea, gonorrea, hepatitis, gastritis, diuréticos, antipiréticos y para enfermedades de la piel. Ese conocimiento popular ha fomentado la identificación de compuestos bioactivos en esa planta. Los compuestos β-criptoxantina, geranilgeraniol, luteína, procianidina B2, procianidina B3, isómero elagitanino y ácido elágico desoxihexosa inhibieron microorganismos patógenos como bacterias, hongos, protozoos y virus. En ese sentido, B. orellana es una fuente prometedora de compuestos que podrían aplicarse en la terapia antimicrobiana. Este trabajo de revisión puede ayudar a comprender e incentivar nuevas investigaciones para los descubrimientos de antimicrobianos que utilizan diferentes compuestos de B. orellana.
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Acute intermittent porphyria is the most common acute porphyria caused by a decrease in hepatic porphobilinogen deaminase activity, resulting in an accumulation of delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen. This disease shows nonspecific signs and symptoms that can be confused with other diseases, thereby making the diagnosis difficult. We report a case of acute intermittent porphyria, reviewing clinical and laboratory aspects, highlighting the hematological and biochemical parameters during and after the crisis. A female patient, aged 28 years, suffered two crises, both presenting gastrointestinal disorders. The second presented neuropsychiatric symptoms. The analysis of hematological and biochemical parameters during the second crisis showed anemia, leukocytosis, hyponatremia, mild hypokalemia, uremia and elevated C-reactive protein. The initial treatment included glucose infusion, a diet rich in carbohydrates and interruption of porphyrinogenic drugs. Subsequently, treatment was maintained with oral contraceptive use. According to the observed data, signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal, neurological and psychiatric disorders, associated with laboratory results presented in this paper can be applied to screen acute porphyria, contributing to early diagnosis.
